48
Athenea Journal
Vol.5, Issue 16, (pp. 48-57)
ISSN-e: 2737-6419
Quilumbaqui C. Analysis of the integration of solar PV in buildings: design, implementation, and environmental benefits
https://doi.org/10.47460/athenea.v5i16.77
Analysis of the integration of solar PV in buildings: design,
implementation, and environmental benefits
*Correspondence: cesar.quilumbaqui@gmail.com
Received (03/05/2023), Accepted (30/05/2024)
Abstract: In a world where the climate crisis and the need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels are becoming
increasingly pressing, integrating solar PV in buildings is presented as a viable and sustainable solution. This work
focuses on a detailed analysis of how solar PV can be designed, implemented, and maximized in urban environments.
It explores the technical aspects of PV system design, the crucial steps in their implementation, and the significant
environmental benefits that can be derived from their widespread use. The main results show that as cities grow and
energy demand increases, the transition to renewable energy sources is not only an attractive option but a prevailing
necessity to ensure a sustainable future.
Keywords: environmental impact, renewable energy, photovoltaic systems.
Análisis de la integración de energía solar fotovoltaica en edificios: diseño, implementación y
beneficios medioambientales
Resumen: En un mundo donde la crisis climática y la necesidad de reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles
son cada vez más apremiantes, la integración de la energía solar fotovoltaica en los edificios se presenta como una
solución viable y sostenible. Este trabajo se centra en el análisis detallado de cómo se puede diseñar, implementar y
maximizar los beneficios de la energía solar fotovoltaica en entornos urbanos. Se exploran los aspectos técnicos del
diseño de sistemas fotovoltaicos, los pasos cruciales en su implementación, y los significativos beneficios
medioambientales que pueden derivarse de su uso generalizado. Los principales resultados muestran que a medida
que las ciudades crecen y la demanda energética aumenta, la transición hacia fuentes de energía renovable no solo es
una opción atractiva, sino una necesidad imperante para garantizar un futuro sostenible.
Palabras clave: impacto ambiental, energía renovable, sistemas fotovoltaicos.
César Geovanny Quilumbaqui*
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0706-8505
cesar.quilumbaqui@gmail.com
QC project & consulting services
Quito-Ecuador
49
Athenea Journal
Vol.5, Issue 16, (pp. 48-57)
ISSN-e: 2737-6419
Quilumbaqui C. Analysis of the integration of solar PV in buildings: design, implementation, and environmental benefits
I. INTRODUCTION
Over the past two decades, solar PV has experienced exponential growth in many developed countries,
leading an energy revolution that seeks to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate climate change.
Countries such as Germany, Japan, and the United States have invested heavily in solar technologies,
managing not only to diversify their energy sources but also to stimulate the green economy and create
thousands of jobs [1]. In these countries, favorable government policies, such as tax incentives and subsidies,
have played a crucial role in accelerating the adoption of PV systems at both the residential and industrial
levels. This commitment has enabled ambitious emission reduction targets and placed solar energy at the
heart of the global energy transition.
Despite its many advantages, the implementation of solar photovoltaic systems is not without its difficulties.
In developed countries, the main obstacles are the intermittency of solar energy and the need for efficient
energy storage infrastructures. However, important technological advances are helping to overcome these
challenges [2]. The development of more efficient and affordable battery storage and smart grids capable
of managing power distribution more effectively is transforming the energy landscape. In addition, the
continued reduction in the cost of solar panels and their increased efficiency have made solar energy an
increasingly competitive option over traditional energy sources.
A. Environmental and Economic Impact of Solar Energy
The adoption of solar PV has a noticeable positive impact on the environment and the economy. As a clean
energy source, its use contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions reduction, which is crucial to
combat climate change. In addition, solar energy does not generate air pollution or noise, which improves
the quality of life in densely populated urban areas. Economically, the solar energy expansion has created
new markets and job opportunities in the renewable energy industry. The construction, installation, and
maintenance of photovoltaic systems require a specialized workforce, thus promoting skills development
and job creation in various regions [3].
B. Reality of Photovoltaic Solar Energy in Latin America
In Latin America, the adoption of solar PV is in a growth phase, although it faces challenges specific to the
region. Countries such as Chile, Mexico, and Brazil have made significant strides in integrating solar energy
into their energy matrix, thanks to their abundant solar radiation and increasingly favorable energy policies
[4]. However, in other countries in the region, the lack of adequate infrastructure, financing, and clear
policies slows the progress of solar projects. The variability of regulatory frameworks and dependence on
more traditional energy sources also represent significant barriers. Despite these challenges, solar energy
has great potential in Latin America due to its favorable weather conditions and growing demand for
energy.
C. Prospects for Solar Energy in Latin America
The future of solar PV in Latin America is promising, with several trends indicating sustained growth in the
coming years. International investments and financing programs for renewable energy projects are
increasing, making it easier to deploy more solar systems. In addition, the development of more efficient
technologies and the reduction of solar panel costs are making solar energy a more viable option for more
consumers, including households and small businesses [5]. With a continued focus on creating favorable
regulatory frameworks and promoting infrastructure investment, Latin America is uniquely positioned to
take advantage of its solar potential and lead the energy transition in the southern hemisphere [6].
50
Athenea Journal
Vol.5, Issue 16, (pp. 48-57)
ISSN-e: 2737-6419
Quilumbaqui C. Analysis of the integration of solar PV in buildings: design, implementation, and environmental benefits
Building on this foundation, this paper presents a documentary analysis of the design, implementation, and
benefits of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in urban environments. It delves into the technical aspects of PV
system design, outlines the critical steps for implementation, and highlights the substantial environmental
advantages that can be gained from their widespread adoption.
II. DEVELOPMENT
Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect. This effect occurs
in semiconductor materials, such as silicon, which are capable of absorbing photons of light and releasing
electrons, thus generating an electric current. The main components of a photovoltaic system are:
Solar panels: Made up of photovoltaic cells that capture sunlight and convert it into direct current (DC) [7].
Inverter: Converts direct current generated by panels into alternating current (AC) which is the form of
electricity used by most electrical devices and power distribution systems.
Batteries (optional): They store excess energy generated for later use especially useful in off-grid systems.
Charge controller: Regulates the energy flow between the solar panels, batteries, and inverter to prevent
overcharging and optimize system performance.
A. Relevance in Sustainable Architecture
Carbon Footprint Reduction: Photovoltaic systems produce electricity without greenhouse gas emissions,
contributing to the carbon footprint reduction of buildings [8].
Energy Efficiency: Incorporating photovoltaic systems into architectural design improves the energy
efficiency of buildings, reducing dependence on non-renewable energy sources.
Energy Autonomy: Buildings equipped with photovoltaic systems can generate their energy, increasing
their autonomy and reducing energy costs in the long term.
Flexibility and Adaptability: Photovoltaic systems can be integrated in some ways into architecture, whether
as panels on roofs, facades, or even as architectural elements, such as solar blinds.
Added Value: The solar incorporation technology can increase the value of properties and comply with
sustainable construction regulations and certifications, such as LEED or BREEAM.
B. Design strategies for integrating solar panels into new and existing buildings, considering aesthetic
and functional aspects.
Integrating solar panels into buildings, whether new or existing, requires careful consideration of aesthetic
and functional aspects to maximize energy efficiency and architectural aesthetics [9]. This challenge involves
design strategies that harmonize the functionality of solar panels with the aesthetics of the built
environment.
For new buildings solar panels could integrate during the initial architectural design phase. This involves
selecting materials and arranging the panels to complement the overall design of the building. For example,
panels can be seamlessly incorporated into flat or pitched roofs, making them visually unobtrusive or
creating aesthetic highlights. They can be used as sunroofs or translucent facades, harnessing sunlight while
enhancing the building's appearance. [10].
51
Athenea Journal
Vol.5, Issue 16, (pp. 48-57)
ISSN-e: 2737-6419
Quilumbaqui C. Analysis of the integration of solar PV in buildings: design, implementation, and environmental benefits
For existing buildings, the integration of solar panels can be more challenging due to pre-existing structural
and aesthetic limitations [5], [8], [9]. However, several strategies can be applied. A common option is to
install panels on existing ceilings without significantly modifying the exterior appearance of the building. In
addition, window-integrated solar panels, such as photovoltaic glazing, can be used to transform glazed
surfaces into energy generators without compromising the visibility and aesthetics of the building.
It is also crucial to consider the optimal orientation and tilt of the solar panels to maximize sunlight
collection throughout the day and year. This requires a detailed analysis of the building's geographic
location and an assessment of potential shading that could affect the panels' efficiency.
In addition to energy efficiency, the aesthetic integration of solar panels can enhance the perception of the
building as an example of sustainable and environmentally committed design. The harmonious integration
of functionality and aesthetics, in the design of solar panels, not only reduces energy consumption and
carbon emissions but also enhances the architectural appearance and economic value of the building.
Design strategies for integrating solar panels into new and existing buildings must address both functional
aspects, related to energy efficiency, and aesthetic aspects, which impact the visual perception of the built
environment. Effective integration of solar energy in buildings optimizes energy use, enhances architectural
aesthetics, and reinforces the commitment to sustainability in contemporary urban design.
C. An analysis of how solar energy reduces the carbon footprint of buildings and contributes to reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, favoring energy independence.
Solar energy plays a crucial role in reducing the carbon footprint of buildings, significantly lowering
greenhouse gas emissions, and notably promoting energy independence.
On one hand, integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in buildings enables the clean and renewable
generation of electricity directly from the sun [10]. This drastically reduces the reliance on conventional
energy sources, such as fossil fuels, which are major contributors to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and
other polluting gases. By reducing dependence on these traditional energy sources, solar PV systems
directly contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In addition,
installing solar panels on buildings enables the generation of clean electricity and reduces the need to
transport energy from generating plants through the power grid. This helps to minimize energy losses that
occur during transmission and distribution, thereby improving the overall efficiency of the energy system
and further reducing emissions associated with energy production and transportation.
In terms of energy independence, solar systems enable buildings to generate some or even all of the energy
they consume, depending on the size of the system and the building's energy consumption. This provides
greater autonomy in the face of fluctuations in energy prices and improves resilience to power outages [9].
Especially in remote areas or in emergencies, the ability to produce electricity locally from solar energy can
be crucial to maintaining vital operations and ensuring the well-being of communities. Incorporating solar
energy into buildings provides an environmentally sustainable solution by reducing the carbon footprint
and greenhouse gas emissions, besides enhancing the energy independence of structures and communities.
This approach is crucial for meeting global sustainability goals and offers tangible local benefits by
promoting more efficient, resilient, and autonomous energy systems.
52
Athenea Journal
Vol.5, Issue 16, (pp. 48-57)
ISSN-e: 2737-6419
Quilumbaqui C. Analysis of the integration of solar PV in buildings: design, implementation, and environmental benefits
III. METHODOLOGY
In this work, some works related to sustainable architecture were analyzed, to know the implementation
and benefits of photovoltaic solar energy in urban environments. In addition, the technical aspects of PV
system design, the crucial steps in their implementation, and the significant environmental benefits that can
be derived from their widespread use are explored.
Table 1. Main studies developed.
Study/Research
Results/Conclusions
"Integration of Photovoltaics in
Urban Buildings: A Review" [11]
It highlights the importance of aesthetic and
functional integration besides the benefits of
reducing emissions and energy efficiency.
"Energy Performance of Photovoltaic
Systems in Urban Areas" [12]
It concludes that photovoltaic systems can
significantly reduce the carbon footprint and
improve the energy efficiency of urban
buildings.
"Urban Solar Potential: The Case for
Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaics"
[13]
It identifies priority areas for the installation
of solar systems and quantifies the economic
and environmental benefits of their
implementation.
" Impact of urban morphology on
urban microclimate and building
energy loads " [14]
It highlights how PV implementation can
mitigate the urban heat island effect and
improve air quality in densely populated
urban areas.
" Cost-benefit analysis of hybrid
photovoltaic/thermal collectors in a
nearly zero-energy building " [15]
It demonstrates that the long-term benefits
of solar outweigh the installation costs,
especially with favorable incentives and
policies.
In addition, it was noted that the main countries working on sustainable architecture are those shown in
Figure 1.
Fig. 1. Main countries that have researched sustainable architecture in recent years.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Número de publicaciones
Países
Investigaciones por países y años
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
53
Athenea Journal
Vol.5, Issue 16, (pp. 48-57)
ISSN-e: 2737-6419
Quilumbaqui C. Analysis of the integration of solar PV in buildings: design, implementation, and environmental benefits
Major countries that have been actively researching the topic of sustainable architecture in recent years
usually include the United States with numerous academic institutions and research centers dedicated to
the study of sustainability in architecture, especially in areas such as energy efficiency and green design.
Germany, renowned for its leadership in green technologies and environmental policies, Germany has
conducted significant research in renewable energy applied to sustainable architecture. In addition, China
due to its rapid urban growth and growing concern about environmental pollution, China has invested
significantly in research on sustainable architecture and renewable energy solutions. But also, to the
Netherlands, known for its focus on sustainable urban planning and green building design, the Netherlands
has been a leader in implementing sustainable architectural practices. And finally, one can include the
United Kingdom with important research centers and government policies that promote sustainability in
the construction and design of buildings, the United Kingdom has also contributed significantly to the field
of sustainable architecture.
IV. RESULTS
The review carried out allowed us to know the main methodologies used in the construction of buildings
with photovoltaic solar systems, table 2 shows these findings and describes the main characteristics
associated with each of them.
Table 2. Main methodologies used in the construction of buildings with photovoltaic technology.
Methodology
Design
Implementation
Environmental Benefits
Photovoltaic
Integration in
Buildings (BIPV)
Design of solar panels
integrated into the
structure of the building,
such as facades, roofs, and
windows.
Installation of photovoltaic
modules as part of the
construction material.
Integration into roofs and
façades.
Carbon footprint reduction.
Space savings. Improvement
of the building's energy
efficiency.
Off-Grid
Photovoltaic
Systems
Design of autonomous
systems to supply energy to
buildings in remote or off-
grid areas.
Installation of solar panels,
batteries, and control systems
to manage energy.
Reduction of dependence on
fossil fuels. Provision of clean
energy in isolated areas.
Solar Microgrids
Design of local power grids
using solar energy as the
principal generation source.
Solar panels implementation,
inverters, storage systems, and
distributed energy
management.
Reduction of CO2 emissions.
Improvement of energy
resilience. Promotion of local
energy self-sufficiency.
Hybrid
Photovoltaic
Systems
Solar energy integration
with other renewable
sources, such as wind or
biomass.
Installation and coordination
of multiple renewable energy
sources.
Optimization of the use of
renewable resources. Emission
reduction. Improved energy
stability and reliability.
Zero Energy
Buildings (ZEB)
Design so that the building
produces as much energy
as it consumes annually.
Extensive use of solar panels,
energy efficiency systems, and
energy storage.
Reduction of net building
carbon emissions to zero.
Significant savings in energy
costs in the long term.
Passive Solar
Design
Incorporation of
architectural elements that
maximize the use of
sunlight and thermal
efficiency.
Use of materials and
construction techniques that
optimize the capture and
retention of solar energy.
Reduced energy consumption
for heating and cooling.
Improved thermal comfort
and indoor environmental
quality.
On the other hand, fig. 2 presents the main elements necessary for residential construction. It is observed
that a residential photovoltaic system is composed of several key elements that work together to convert
solar energy into usable electricity for the house. These items include solar panels, an inverter, battery
storage, an electric meter, a connection to the supply grid, and a home electrical panel.
54
Athenea Journal
Vol.5, Issue 16, (pp. 48-57)
ISSN-e: 2737-6419
Quilumbaqui C. Analysis of the integration of solar PV in buildings: design, implementation, and environmental benefits
Solar Panels: Solar panels are the main component of a photovoltaic system. They are usually installed on
the roof of the building to maximize exposure to sunlight. These panels are composed of photovoltaic cells
that convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The electricity generated by
solar panels is in the form of direct current (DC).
Inverter: The electricity generated by the solar panels needs to be converted from direct current (DC) to
alternating current (AC), the form of electricity used by most household appliances and electrical systems.
The inverter performs this conversion, allowing the solar power generated to be compatible with the home's
electrical system and the utility grid.
Battery Storage: A battery storage system allows the excess electricity generated by solar panels to be stored
for later use. This is especially useful at night or on cloudy days when solar generation is low. Batteries
ensure the house has a steady supply of renewable energy, reducing reliance on the supply grid and
increasing energy self-sufficiency.
Electric meter: The electric meter monitors and records the amount of electricity generated by the PV system
and the amount of electricity consumed by the house. In many systems, this meter also allows for net
metering, a process in which excess electricity generated is returned to the grid, and the household receives
credit for this energy.
Grid connection: The grid connection allows the PV system to interact with the public power grid. This is
important for balancing the demand and generation of electricity. When the solar system produces excess
electricity beyond the house's consumption needs, it is fed back into the grid. Conversely, if the home
requires more electricity than the solar system can generate, it draws a shortfall from the grid.
House Electrical Panel: The electrical panel in the home distributes electricity to the various circuits and
appliances in the house. It receives electricity from the inverter and, if necessary, from the supply network.
The electrical panel serves as the hub of the home's electrical system, ensuring efficient and safe utilization
of the generated solar energy.
These components set up a residential photovoltaic system that supplies clean, renewable energy while
improving house energy efficiency and contributing to environmental sustainability.
Fig. 2. Photovoltaic elements for residential buildings.
Source: Generated with Dall-E AI.
55
Athenea Journal
Vol.5, Issue 16, (pp. 48-57)
ISSN-e: 2737-6419
Quilumbaqui C. Analysis of the integration of solar PV in buildings: design, implementation, and environmental benefits
On the other hand, it was possible to confirm that the main steps for the installation of photovoltaic systems
are described in Fig. 3, where it can be seen that there are 9 basic steps to make the operation of a residential
photovoltaic system possible.
Fig. 3. Steps for the installation of a photovoltaic system.
Source: Generated with Dall-E AI.
1. Site Assessment: A site inspection is conducted to determine feasibility and best locations for solar
panels.
2. System Design: The specific photovoltaic system is designed to meet the house's energy needs.
3. Obtaining Permits: The necessary permits are requested and obtained from local authorities for the
installation.
4. Acquisition of Materials: The solar panels, inverter, batteries, and other necessary components are
purchased.
5. Solar Panel Installation: Solar panels are installed on the roof or at the designated location.
6. Inverter Installation and Battery Storage: The inverter and battery storage system are installed in an
appropriate location.
7. Electrical Wiring: The necessary wiring is carried out to connect the solar panels, the inverter, the
batteries, and the electrical system of the house.
8. Inspection: An inspection is carried out to ensure that the installation complies with all safety
regulations and standards.
9. System Activation: The system is activated and a final test is performed to verify that it works
properly.
Furthermore, the literature review covered IEEE standards related to PV installation of systems in residential
buildings, detailed below. These standards ensure the safe, efficient integration of PV systems into buildings,
ensuring compatibility with existing infrastructures, promoting renewable energy use, and advancing
environmental sustainability.
IEEE 1547-2018: This standard establishes the interconnection and interoperability requirements for
distributed generation equipment, including photovoltaic systems, with electricity grids. It provides
guidelines for the safe and efficient integration of these systems with the electricity supply infrastructure.
56
Athenea Journal
Vol.5, Issue 16, (pp. 48-57)
ISSN-e: 2737-6419
Quilumbaqui C. Analysis of the integration of solar PV in buildings: design, implementation, and environmental benefits
IEEE 1562-2021: Provides best practices for sizing stand-alone PV systems, including array size and batteries,
ensuring adequate protection against overloads and deep discharges.
IEEE 2030.2-2018: These standards address interoperability and data communication guidelines for grid-
connected PV systems, facilitating integration with smart grid technologies and other distributed energy
resources.
IEEE 929-2000: Specifies requirements for grid-connected photovoltaic systems, focusing on protection and
safe operation, including technical aspects such as power quality and fault protection.
IEEE 1547.1-2020: Details the test procedures and evaluation criteria for the interconnection of distributed
generation equipment, ensuring that they comply with the requirements of the IEEE 1547 standard.
IEEE 1815-2012 (DNP3): Although it is a standard for the data network protocol, it is relevant for photovoltaic
systems integration as it facilitates communication and control within distributed electrical systems.
IEEE 1547.2-2008: Provides application guides for the implementation of interconnected photovoltaic
systems, including case studies and best practices for the planning and execution of these projects.
IEEE 2030.5-2018 (SEP2): Standard that defines communication protocols for energy and demand
management in photovoltaic systems and other distributed energy resources, facilitating interoperability
with smart grids.
IEEE 1662-2008 provides best practices for designing and installing energy storage systems deployed in
conjunction with photovoltaic systems, ensuring operational efficiency and safety.
IEEE 1574-2003 focuses on photovoltaic power systems protection and provides guidelines for protection
against over-currents and other abnormal conditions. This standard improves the reliability and safety of
the system as a whole.
CONCLUSIONS
Integrating solar PV systems in buildings markedly enhances energy efficiency and fosters self-sufficiency.
By employing solar panels, buildings can generate autonomous electricity, lessening reliance on external
energy sources and often achieving a surplus of energy. This represents a long-term economic saving that
relieves pressure on the power grids.
The implementation of photovoltaic systems contributes directly to the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions. By harnessing a clean, renewable energy source, buildings fitted with solar panels reduce their
carbon footprint, thus mitigating their environmental impact. This shift is crucial in the fight against climate
change and the shift to a more sustainable future.
Investing in solar PV for buildings is both an environmentally responsible and economically savvy decision.
Initial installation costs are gradually recouped through reduced electricity bills, potential tax incentives, and
government subsidies. Furthermore, buildings with PV systems often command a higher market value and
gain a competitive edge in attracting sustainability-minded tenants or buyers.
57
Athenea Journal
Vol.5, Issue 16, (pp. 48-57)
ISSN-e: 2737-6419
Quilumbaqui C. Analysis of the integration of solar PV in buildings: design, implementation, and environmental benefits
The integration of solar PV systems drives innovation in building design and construction. Technologies
such as Photovoltaic Building Integration (BIPV) allow solar panels to become an integral part of the
building's structure, optimizing the use of space and improving architectural aesthetics. This approach
maximizes energy efficiency and opens up new possibilities for sustainable architecture, turning buildings
into real clean energy generators and contributing to a greener urban environment.
REFERENCES
[1] Y. Dai and Y. Bai, "Performance Improvement for Building Integrated Photovoltaics in Practice: A Review,"
Energies, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 178, Jan. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/en14010178.
[2] M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, and E. Ruppert Filho, "Comprehensive approach to modeling and simulation
of photovoltaic arrays," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1198-1208, May 2009, doi:
10.1109/TPEL.2009.2013862.
[3] N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications, and Design,
3rd ed., Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2003.
[4] T. Markvart and L. Castaner, Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd
ed., Oxford, U.K.: Elsevier, 2012.
[5] S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, "A review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for
photovoltaic modules," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1292-1306, Sept.-Oct.
2005, doi: 10.1109/TIA.2005.853371.
[6] E. Koutroulis, K. Kalaitzakis, and N. C. Voulgaris, "Development of a microcontroller-based, photovoltaic
maximum power point tracking control system," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp.
46-54, Jan. 2001, doi: 10.1109/63.903988.
[7] Y. Yang, P. Enjeti, F. Blaabjerg, and H. Wang, "Wide-scale adoption of photovoltaic energy: Grid code
modifications are explored in the distribution grid," IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 21, no. 5, pp.
21-31, Sept.-Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1109/MIAS.2014.2355203.
[8] X. Xiong and Y. Yang, "A photovoltaic-based DC microgrid system: Analysis, design and experimental
results," Electronics, vol. 9, no. 6, p. 941, 2020.
[9] S. Jain and V. Agarwal, "Comparison of the performance of maximum power point tracking schemes
applied to single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic systems," IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 1, no. 5,
pp. 753-762, Sept. 2007, doi: 10.1049/iet-epa:20060343.
[10] M. E. Ropp, S. Gonzalez, and D. K. Brooks, "Development of a MATLAB/Simulink model of a single-
phase grid-connected photovoltaic system," in Proc. IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 2008,
pp. 2112-2118, doi: 10.1109/PESC.2008.4592239.
[11] E. Mirabi, F. Akrami Abarghuie & R. Arazi. Integration of buildings with third-generation photovoltaic
solar cells: a review. Clean Energy, 5(3), 505-526. 2021
[12] M. Żołądek, M. Filipowicz, K. Sornek, K. & R. Figaj. Energy performance of the photovoltaic system in
urban area-case study. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 214, No. 1, p.
012123). IOP Publishing. 2019
[13] M. Brito, T. Santos, F. Moura, D. Pera & J. Rocha. Urban solar potential for vehicle integrated
photovoltaics. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 94, 102810. 2021
[14] A. Kamal, S. Abidi, A. Mahfouz, S. Kadam, A. Rahman, I. Hassan & L. Wang. Impact of urban morphology
on urban microclimate and building energy loads. Energy and buildings, 253, 111499. 2021
[15] P. Conti, E. Schito & D. Testi. Cost-benefit analysis of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal collectors in a nearly
zero-energy building. Energies, 12(8), 1582. 2019.